Which of the following are risk factors for the development of osteoporosis?

The development of osteoporosis is influenced by several risk factors that affect bone health and density. Early menopause contributes significantly to osteoporosis because the decrease in estrogen levels that occurs during this time leads to increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Estrogen plays a vital role in maintaining bone density, and its reduction accelerates the loss of bone mass.

Low calcium intake is critical as calcium is a primary component of bone. Insufficient calcium over a prolonged period can lead to a decrease in bone mineral density, making bones more fragile and susceptible to fractures.

Low body weight is another significant risk factor as it generally indicates lower bone mass. Individuals with a smaller skeletal frame have less bone mass to draw upon, and those with inadequate body weight may have lower levels of estrogen, further contributing to bone density loss.

This combination of factors makes the identified option a strong contributor to the risk of developing osteoporosis. In contrast, the other options include factors that may influence health but are less directly related to the development of osteoporosis in the same way. For instance, high caffeine intake and smoking have some association with bone health, but they do not have as strong or direct an impact as the factors listed in the chosen option.